What responsibility does a bank have if they allow an unsigned check to be cashed against a customer's account?
If the customer intended the payment to be made, and received something in exchange for the payment (such as goods, service or credit to an account from the payee), there's no loss or damages involved, so there's no bank responsibility to the customer. You could consider this an example of "no harm, no foul."
In today's banking environment, many if not most, banks check signatures only on larger amounts (thresholds vary by bank). A bank's failure to catch a missing signature is not automatically considered a lack of ordinary care in paying that check.
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If the customer intended the payment to be made, and received something in exchange for the payment (such as goods, service or credit to an account from the payee), there's no loss or damages involved, so there's no bank responsibility to the customer. You could consider this an example of "no harm, no foul."