If the check is drawn on a U.S. bank and deposited in a U.S. bank, the
general rule is that the paying bank (the one the check is drawn on) has to return the check on the business day after it receives it. That is supposed to address things like overdrafts, unauthorized signatures, stop payments, etc. In some cases involving check fraud, checks can be returned somewhat later if both banks are parties to an agreement to that effect.
A depository bank that gets a check back for forgery, overdraft, stop payment, insufficient funds more than a reasonable time after the date of deposit should examine the dates the check was processed and challenge what it believes to be a late return. The challenge can be countered by documenting that the return was timely.
The system is not perfect. If a check is lost or misrouted on the way to or from the paying bank, the delay doesn't make either bank liable for the check, and if it gets received late by the depositary bank, the depositing customer remains liable.
Another wrinkle: If the return of the check is timely and the depositary bank receives it or a notice that it's coming back, the depositary bank has an obligation under both the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) and Federal Reserve Regulation CC to notify its depositing customer of the return of the check, by midnight of the business day after receipt of the charged-back check or a notice that it's coming back. If it fails to provide that notice (or return the check, which serves as the notice) within the midnight deadline, the bank is responsible for any losses caused by the delay (UCC section 4-214).
So the questions are --
- When did the check reach the paying bank?
- Did the paying bank make a timely return of the check?
- When did the depositary bank receive notice that the check was being returned?
- When did the depositary bank actually receive the returned check?
- How long did it take the depositary bank to notify its customer or charge back and return the check?
For whatever it's worth, making the check payable to the depositary bank rather than to the depositor (followed by an endorsement), is misguided. I wonder whether the fact that there was no mention of the depositor's name on either the front or back of the check may have delayed the depositary bank's handling of the check. If that is the case, the depositary bank should eat the entire loss in this case.