Is it legal for a company to take an automated payment without my consent?
No, without your consent, it would not be proper; however, consent can be given in a lot of different ways. It's possible that the loan agreement itself included an authorization, or that the company obtained your OK in some other way.
If your account has been charged and you believe it was done without authorization, you have the right to ask your bank to return the funds to your account. Be prepared for the process to take some time. You could also contact the company that charged your account and request documentation of its authorization to charge your account, demanding a refund if no authorization exists.
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